The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006;398:2537. 1996;93:46938. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. 2005;360:6577. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Synapse. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Dasdag et al. 2016;25:31827. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Phot J. PubMed The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Bioelectromagnetics. 1975;148:1723. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Sareesh et al. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2008;86:718. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2011;174:211. Sci Total Environ. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. 2012;21:6209. Int J Radiat Biol. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Behav Brain Res. Verma et al. Zhao et al. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Front Neurosci. Vorobyov et al. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Acta Neurol Belg. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Finally, Hardell et al. 2004;48:46624. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Bioelectromagnetics. Behav Brain Res. 2006;5:389. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Article Article Yale J Biol Med. Am J Epidemiol. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. 2012;25:1828. Singh et al. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Behav Brain Res. Clinics. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Thus, Cosquer et al. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Wang et al. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). 2006;79:13140. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Brain Res. PubMed Central 2005;161:52635. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. 2 Researchers have been working. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. PubMed [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Toxicol Sci. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. J Environ Health. Google Scholar. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Article Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Wang Q, Cao Z. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Google Scholar. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. 2004;155:3743. 2006;12:44651. Neuroscience. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Biomed Environ Sci. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Dasdag et al. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. [42] found similar results. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 1984;5:6370. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. However, Li et al. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. 2002;57:2702. Megha et al. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Neurotoxicology. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Ning et al. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2009;63:10106. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;31:25074. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. 2008;169:3845. Rev Environ Health. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. PubMed 2015;28:1324. PubMed Central Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. The role of microRNAs in cancer. statement and Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2015;91:42634. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2001;12:72931. Int J Epidemiol. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Biomed Environ Sci. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Cell Biochem Biophys. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;27:11926. PLoS One. Bioelectromagnetics. Neuroreport. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. & Hu, XJ. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. 2013;73:4737. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Mol Neurobiol. Exp Neurobiol. 1988;9:33745. Mol Brain Res. 1984;11:4760. Harris KM. Suhhova et al. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. J Electromagnet Anal. Int J Occup Environ Health. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. 2005;25:10190201. 1996;180:917. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Cobb et al. 1994;8:714. Radiat Res. Google Scholar. Iran J Public Health. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. CAS PubMed Int J Hyg Environ Health. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. PubMed 2009;4:e4389. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Arch Environ Health. 2011;343:5224. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Article Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 2017;52:23947. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. 2005;1042:1018. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Behav Brain Res. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Google Scholar. J Natl Cancer Inst. CAS Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Gold PE. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. 2009;158:12639. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Google Scholar. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. 2006;27:16471. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Electromagn Biol Med. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? 2007;210:63544. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2010;2010. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. 2012;3:3440. Zhang et al. Google Scholar. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. PubMed Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 1990;39:13543. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. 2008;22:9927. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves.