Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. b. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as:
Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. a. long-term memory
b. numerical and spatial reasoning
c. autonomic nervous system functioning
d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. a. a. psychodynamic
b. cognitive
c. humanistic-existential
d. behavioral. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. b. the pleasure principle. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. 87. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). 42. a. Perls. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. c. repression. a. psychodynamic
b. multicultural
c. cognitive
d. humanistic. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. The existential perspective. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:
a. ego theory. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on:
a. the biological differences between men and women. "That's all right. 134. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. d. synapses. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. d. indicator of psychological conflict. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Infants tend to do things that feel good. 111. b. social factors leading to stress. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Dont worry. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. d. cognitive-behavioral. c. superego. b. ego. His name is
The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. This is called the. 1. Participants have similar issues. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. 58. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. c. psychodynamic. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). d. genes. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. I know my grandmother used to. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. c. sociocultural. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. a. humanistic-existential
b. biological
c. psychodynamic
d. sociocultural, 5. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. 77. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. c. double-blind studies. b. existential
a. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. What is that factor? Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. a. cognitive-behavioral
b. sociocultural
c. psychodynamic
d. humanistic-existential, 10. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. This thought is an example of:
a. depression. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. 166. b. Rogers. In this case, extinction continues. 54. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). 2.2.2. What is learning? The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. 53. Describe observational learning and modeling. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. b. anal stage. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Right? Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. 2.3.3.1. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Bertha (Anna O.) Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. 68. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. 16. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Neural transmission. a. cognitive therapy
b. biological therapy
c. psychodynamic therapy
d. behavior therapy. b. existential therapy. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. a. psychodynamic
b. behavioral
c. humanist-existential
d. sociocultural. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Why? 2. 74. b. cognitive-behavioral
158. Both the id and the ego:
a. unconsciously seek gratification. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? 82. d. object relations theory. 2.3.1.3. It is difficult to research this perspective. Schemas and cognitive errors. d. sociocultural. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. 100. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. 72. c. insert RNA into genes. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? 2.3.1.5. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. 48. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. a. d. known risk and protective factors. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. a. existential
It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:
a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. a. catharsis. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to:
a. cognition-focused therapists. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. This is an example of:
a. shaping. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. c. emphasize health. b. ego. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? 84. 83. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Humanists and existentialists both agree that:
a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. 45. a. quaternary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. meta. c. denial. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? b. ethnographic studies. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. This is called the absolute refractory period. c. operant conditioning. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is:
a. education. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. 159. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. a. sharing advice
b. analyzing dreams
c. developing insights
d. building social skills. 26. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the:
a. defense mechanism. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Shonda responds by changing the subject. d. psychoanalytic therapy. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? The point where this occurs is called the synapse. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. 81. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. Which is an example of latent content? c. cognitive
Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. d. frustrating the client. c. neurons. 2.2.1.3. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . Psychodynamic techniques. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. a. sociocultural
b. biocultural
c. psychocultural
d. cognitive-cultural. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. a. egoic
b. deterministic
c. defensive
d. object relational. 41. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of:
a. Rogers. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. The force that is in control in this example is the:
a. id. 133. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? c. enmeshed. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. 151. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. How so? Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. Maladaptive cognitions. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior.
d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. a. d. classical conditioning. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. b. working through.
La Concha Renaissance San Juan Resort Day Pass,
Articles W