why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Boston House, Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Spouse: None. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. First English colony in Virginia established. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. This meant atholics did not think . He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. It had to deal with Irish . Company Reg no: 04489574. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Mary was spared. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. The invasion failed, however. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. Best Answer. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. migration? VAT reg no 816865400. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. From there we will look at the career . English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. 1558 -french threat. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Died: 24 March 1603. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Boston Spa, [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. 2) This war was not a success. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. . Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. 2. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. France was at war with England and Spain. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. 1. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. LS23 6AD Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. 214 High Street, Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. VAT reg no 816865400. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Manage Settings The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. West Yorkshire, Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Register for free, Home / It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland.