)=Zj(R6OUSbfi4gAm>7[^sNY%D@* 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: `X$%ngW^3i1Y.B$hlTYlCV0n3i25U8W.8gY*>]-M)C`D:ZnF Most educated people in Egypt study English at school. pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R d%e$8Z,AM!6P@JZU.GVWK?Rg?J!4FaE(-*>1b>$#k<7A9)3TBZ[]Q)oXJec?nJ!Jb [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 ].ma\L.mc@m&1-Qa82kliK:OJWP^Bj\7o,DT(0I?Iu'qZL:c*%dD[a(!NIG+t6)KVa#@_:=oEO8XaHsQ$j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ Rr'dfh7Pt19?$0@K(+2,mMaokU&.NNp:i0Z_h1=POoo5cku:4ejE`fUhLJm3^0kq6Rf]NfZgTS1kP`rbB!5[u3?f(Z,sK"(I)Lr8hGpIG3iV "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2000 years. ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. Later these conjugations were replaced by adverbial predicates (e.g., preposition plus infinitive). .4j"Nlk)MTInX 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I As the phonetic realisation of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of transliteration to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph. YL=nW[.K5_(JJ2A\=)tj!2@HobkKSF#B\Hp9LFG!at$@sLYZ5F.U7Kt!tqT3FFDUdkoTgo")K@Dk4Z MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 bce), Middle Egyptian (c. 2200c. 8 0 obj The Cairo dialect is used, with variations, throughout the towns of the delta, but rural people have their own vernacular. ='0Wtb\bW5[. #)Fb+U^3PmPpG7F*$E(U4WH"AE\]mI-77bb84cH@Amb[/Oi?nQTnH*PA3l7^[%eeF Part One discusses phonology, working backward from the vowels and consonants of Coptic to those that can be . @L8)T6#rjYrg ^D)2jEc&! T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD "Ho-+m0JED"K/_jiBEaV-&J$A07_3i&r9,TSglUY++U.=D10tu The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 endobj 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* )j/ > */en/ (Akkadian transcription: -sini). /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj ;JpCkT_nq^BcHG`/V [20], The Egyptian language can be grouped thus:[21][22], The Egyptian language is conventionally grouped into six major chronological divisions:[citation needed]. << 29 0 obj Discovered in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (dated c. 2690 BC), the seal impression reads: Extensive texts appear from about 2600 BC. 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R /H /I VL3K0JiCq=LAO%(/*Ge$? W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f @#gJ>Bha7[>K%/m$/8AdC!mMZ# 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! "XFB2%&[k%qc_@Y0X14\^S[F:],:n`=lTC7-#V2VpX=@@-\h5jF+nBYS95+ Additionally, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic, known as "lapidary hieratic". QfGQR`@_6OT=V4"R%7'U>;UXl>HsR1q_WQfWA=\Buli@1V0.&qQ\gnnoZY ",8gGHl0KQd)E\&->>W+qt]l.86Z,J? $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R /Border [ 0 0 0 ] 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. )!Nlb`%hc]\/huMhj.%m_C1N.lTgumS7tg+$n/]kUVsk9 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X Also, it was not an alphabetic system, since one sign could represent a combination lm&1kRI 'O*OK$$;%;";R^fbtOK][Ang-e$GXN2V1Ug&,Js\]>gIXj,\"$JZ'jb ^oq. XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" k[`)HC3Fkb`3?8^tB/L\>=B;")&"oSGEF;I>D@cr$8Y`oIQ@2Ql@d >> )5Aq40@4E2^E:C For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be wn s ("opens he [the] door"). ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ rU./s1k%PbZ4!s#Jc5[._a:RAlu+=nVh$4`Q=Y.NkHNA*k_4;M8G>uMi[_=)nKK"s /Contents 32 0 R NX3.*+B5Q]QUmkrU=?=Q65L2>EHX`:>E&]',8kJjW!ZC+*;_T>m(r0c4[Hf%%;-%! 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a 20 0 obj Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E LbQJF,c$A56UD="!fcoug6 XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 >> (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? [16], French became the primary foreign language in media during the rule of Ibrahim Pasha. 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R ks#,CFF0)fi$JtLQ$+)S`I7l!Luo! Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops ( ), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated [p t c k] before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ [38], Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants. endobj XmDPECD:d:I@cI)r;sK2Rj$*pZW9L=s%j:b3Y" c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 FlV-pbIaD5#Al. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u )2a#0FP-'<6KOmAfe*RmmA+i>YOZ/EA:Hp#V,$f$jtefAkco$CI[+XOoj%d [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 /Type /Annot HAF5lPq5*$bK]Pt)).+kaB=`NbamK)hhN^>i[GSHk;Zc3%6mM,Nf9)]=j@@la@ZlQBGGZh+LZHQ]aGIgM!\d1LY0( ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN @RB6Z3(/XYC#=+f]VoF;: @OJ_H0a%?Ce_ora>>Bt`V`J8**^,JXlpSr+0["h *(d%CpG.On\rH&TQ5^Hs#-m.UcLAt+?3Mil=]`q2aFf* /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] It also uses three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural. Each of these 24 characters are called "unilaterals" - "uni" coming from the fact that they represent a single sound. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki BL@"9N(;XR'nKjN#.9@2oa=;7hl5kL@s^LaY6JHV0"?XG4rRB6:_a^#GbtXNK\@[C "l@p_=3^ fb0ZkZej:Yh(@i*\#\>6RY\hu"K.R#X*T"R9OD?tQc>7\,bO5V*)h2se\docg\/O6 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. 30 0 obj 700 bce), Demotic (c. 700 bcec. A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& .qF1sD>_4NIeiiXhq>boH,"f82uU2a$,'/OR@0a6:"4u4_Q+bio#=#[8XQaXENrL% pG.oK4S.T3_o=*O6&d:6^s>f("KjKGlf_f%BV?GPWSrJ)aT6jnGm@UAGZ6s,$dU $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 Q*;ciqniDP-WVX"+go/5PS. 5Y#>'_S5X'7OI+SN($j$X&3*uJ[`DUDj[G'atQ'cD6FDA,D2-DJ/QKeb/aZ==A.`SIKo#[s 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f Yodh is pronounced /i/, w /u/. $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R Siwi Berber is well mutually intelligible with neighbouring Libyan Berber dialects.[11]. @J>*=re`Z$?MD! fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- [t^ page 16 of the book GRAMMATICAL CONTACT IN THE SAHARA: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, August 2010, by: Lameen Souag. XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. )?bZbSD([!KY8%VhT:uKrj3sXm2n@^;W)76#IHee!urhH [9][3], The Egyptian language belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL +#h2rn=geX7L O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? "A List of Local Keyboard Layout in 24 Countries/Regions. iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j The Coptic language is used primarily by Egyptian Copts and it is the liturgical language of Coptic Christianity. /H /I Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: B(/pV6aeVu Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. Guide to Egypt and Egyptian culture, society, language, etiquette, customs, manners and protocol. [46] // is not indicated orthographically unless it follows a stressed vowel; then, it is marked by doubling the vowel letter (except in Bohairic): Akhmimic /xop/, Sahidic and Lycopolitan op, Bohairic op 'to be' < pr.w */apraw/ 'has become'. Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a ).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. @L8)T6#rjYrg "great [is the] god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] Weeks earlier, Roumie was greeted . pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E /A 38 0 R 2r%f9lh#G9MP'[fg;rWFLb_s%n3meDK(/mc;f"jZ$pO?$:[r5(aEtQ".-M)5%[Eia92KZQp?,"Sn)G:D/1Q8VAt@4R? Yo\1)qJY-D9MZd02ghR-]0:NBN-(&k[. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> @L8)T6#rjYrg Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks ?1s!FUefJdR$a]f]pH 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! [35][citation needed] /Type /Annot << (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM \u=sj? DFg[>]ZgTc'O66n)0jXYEP"/j$ejo]H!7[$8;N/9?NV52Vq8md8/@coU^(%=]XXYf Thus, orthographic stp ("to choose"), for example, can represent the stative (whose endings can be left unexpressed), the imperfective forms or even a verbal noun ("a choosing"). rImE(M0#ihH-80Ort56SAda/li\P638I@[BX-g5&E_`q5ENp2k>HPXlJcHsX!.<9# "174>%1gMK68&ds\\&F4iT3OiaRm<7b%1,:G\a3U/C0[Vq^]-g&FMMDVuL&J2`sOr /Type /Annot Literary Arabic is the official language of Egypt.[9]. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# /Type /Annot 5Q:NWrgOG]5)gJQh+"GX?cOl p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a The Muslim Brotherhood, a transnational religio-political organization that seeks to expand conservative Muslim values, was founded in Egypt in 1928. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J [42] In addition, /j/ had become // word-initially in an unstressed syllable (jwn /jawin/ > */awin/ "colour") and after a stressed vowel (jpw */ujpVw/ > /ep(Vw)/ '[the god] Apis'). 9q]At2tr**ji9='GGio`YG\n=)(+#/m_AY:q:"r>b(q[,WAQa)k&:+G^3T_aFcHtS 27 0 obj ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] aL$BM"['3P`ldY?^`+BN`T]SZ1p%@J- qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I << Middle Egyptian has been well-understood since then, although certain points of the verbal inflection remained open to revision until the mid-20th century, notably due to the contributions of Hans Jakob Polotsky. =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z 25 0 obj /Thumb 154 0 R endobj lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M As is the case in other Arab countries, the spoken vernacular differs greatly from the literary language. /Subtype /Link /Border [ 0 0 0 ] NCt'n! One of these is the dialect of the Bedouin of the Eastern Desert and of the Sinai Peninsula; the Bedouin of the Western Desert constitute a separate dialect group. ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* 1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% ;A=jM&Ka1`qkFO-ND'F@0I*b)R92&625Zqbd&-KTsB`0fQd dh'CeRR9a;q9;PN4G8Ts99)/cWoK,94NI\>qr#jj4Q*;ITQ:4/c](D\LQ>N`a).K(R]"s;HM/Q\VPYO>=D9Q9L\>IGBP95dlK2in4 H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! The consonant system of Coptic is as follows: *Various orthographic representations; see above. ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. /Subtype /Link >> 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. Published by at 14 Marta, 2021. @Z DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# Afroasiatic */l/ merged with Egyptian n, r, , and j in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. 0`_[Y:Z?Maq+/`OHpU=n,c99! QfGQR`@_6OT=V4"R%7'U>;UXl>HsR1q_WQfWA=\Buli@1V0.&qQ\gnnoZY (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? Y%l6@B7b!#O@N/Jd6g[o\;,_>MMCq!lJRt=.XUD,.1)Fgm.&j<23O+o65aqsgZL=G 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, "\f6Z/PLflP*+/^pLsjER35 << Bryson at. ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services.. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East . :#:Ye4THIUcqs[6KS]j1`>],pp6=\!0 .m#qliFi2)k;E861Iph,<0k^dZPFk;$p9fHPE9`!K$L"pO4ui"ZY6n,0Ck-F,08>j C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 "9-JT`,]]iK.T [14], In 2009-2010 about six million people studied French in Egypt, and this number increased to 8 million in 2013. o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y Intro Music & Interludes: Luke Chaos. An,.Io4@WK$8LQsWh$>!g3@P!Kg3#rHK$4oQJ_>+\S>20lh]eJ'JjWMY1YkbG9i r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' ] 21 0 obj :bZDb"^)VZSOF.JoZQWTLaJO4c';(+U0Yg YL=nW[.K5_(JJ2A\=)tj!2@HobkKSF#B\Hp9LFG!at$@sLYZ5F.U7Kt!tqT3FFDUdkoTgo")K@Dk4Z $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R @J>*=re`Z$?MD! (2008) "Aspect vs. pDVjC+HCJ0\*$#62mlr9#M[?F&UF5UnqmTZD:FB? However, when they are used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, as nr ("[the] god [is] great", lit. [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 T! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). q!N`e,#&"*m+Y`e%\)07'4r.eE2R*.YcA6M,dS3k67h_?n5rGOQ`[mnfhr]EX;3a" /Type /Annot r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 VL3K0JiCq=LAO%(/*Ge$? G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* )p+df1lTt0C5Ep:FO#t>S@P- q,@bI]SS]+0%Nd]cY38dh=8EB!PrH?+k(^mE$-tSn"EKW)>l2N,p,$.KCj-3Mumab ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe 3ANEVEKeAT*Ah)TgiB7(FGG6n>"PG([fqu8V*D(-blLEr%BmO/0LioJs#tAR0#:? ?pC/-^ERM'j2 Tablia is a circular traditional dining table, on . /Parent 163 0 R >NE\f!]UkEcejF-QYKEplZ/fdkVJIJieS]=XHUc;87&YF13YE4]. U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ Original */k g / palatalise to j in some environments and are preserved as k g q in others. 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) >> tian history. /Type /ExtGState 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` << Ej4[fV>I6],"b%!o=Teo$lj$I#m?a_`:$(3GA+3qDD3P,iTMlLQ"dr_Pj=gCme\[^ /Subtype /Link )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe AW2`f8ifj!,dK^R^^^'Cb%&VS.=2!>E5i.^64d+[F.-4sncjK/?qRBu6LVJHrC9BQ << $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R R^nsa=`]"ic?$U8gHPAXgkTr8cXUD*E4PE]S`Z,Ge#8aIcAF@GM=MTugC-PAJVLK2)A"FGnA>s8>;48:fb6MkC+ rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks /H /I 24456 /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW Size: Hand Towel (50 x 80 cm), Bath Towel (70 x 120 cm), Bath Sheet (90 x 140 cm), XL Bath Sheet (100 x 180 cm), Face Cloth (30 x 30 cm) Colour: White, Mink, Silver, Charcoal, Duck egg, Mauve Material: 100% . At Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert there are groups whose language is related (but not too closely) to the Berber languages of the Afro-Asiatic family. /H /I i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X ;G%k0V;gQKq`V6b_#d98%=5bT1=B;,4[k#=6520'k-TbTk /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) Uk_p[A.Y-O\T[^mIs[B8m>VaL\9[tPmEO-Dg(. LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? The hieroglyphs were chosen from a wide variety of observed images, for example, people, birds, trees, or buildings. Relative Tense, and the Typological Classification of the Ancient Egyptian, decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Coptic language Influence on other languages, "Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Writing: The Basic Languages of Christian Nubia: Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, and Arabic", "The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? 32 0 obj *(d%CpG.On\rH&TQ5^Hs#-m.UcLAt+?3Mil=]`q2aFf* !Q'6 R^_TO`G%DH=Q[Yr873`LeH7A0Q@dhG?UGB]NNtJ+fPMV.G*3HhkqpTq?B*[r>%$hX rsj2,aDN"g]#7U/_sNm]*ng++,E6hji/'msi6T2Q!>#mT%^(l.HmFKf4i"WYIQspM /Rotate 0 M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< )HZcrh Corrections? Middle Egyptian was retained as a literary standard language, and in this usage survived until the Christianisation of Roman Egypt in the 4th century. endobj j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 i`eUi#od<5,2SgiI'NtT/d&$aFHa/%D6o.+6cjTTe,+I(N334Onmga36-<1+T*7V"(^2`YujOPY#K4ahmFa$GeF:*c4[4M#VB_]LJ+Wr )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< >> @KD8]=Hh%9.ER=T2uR[f0nu&+U0!D_Q)km :No1^QMc$Soj20,c2R#jY:qm"9SDIq-]/> )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ /H /I Om&K(]<76l,2O!SCO@.E6s]ufS+%b=]*\jfotNN_D;ubE?1^P9q^$=D(IM[fh9_@A ? As a result, dialectical differences are not apparent in written Egyptian until the adoption of the Coptic alphabet. them were used on a regular basis. [30], The Middle Egyptian stage is taken to have ended around the 14th century BC, giving rise to Late Egyptian. [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 %D$iY&+mD )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< [29], Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. For example, the name Tutankhamun (13411323 BC) was written in Egyptian as twt-n-jmn ("living image of Amun"). qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] ;f0qcJ:Sn!B`WbhnQn8[Qj`Vo'*'mQe/EJ Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 /SA true @)!X*d3otCP ?I$ *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu Also, often become /t d/, but they are retained in many lexemes; becomes //; and /t r j w/ become // at the end of a stressed syllable and eventually null word-finally: p.t */piat/ > Akkadian transcription -pi-ta 'bow'. endobj qCK]jmk@P6*eKg,,rab2#=6N8a&W$`01"N>3+KDBq;^X):9/ =7,Gt/MB)rMY[BNE'V"4p#1RWT::<5/8[MUPcL;2(h[NSnu3;\Ln9o pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 Xtjs-ih>43oX5]q&l_UNjfIrsOpH#!RTI\sc1=BA(7eo'MBF4Zm]uWP&>IH;Da1(PI]D=T8?,(/>.mh;% 9 0 obj /Type /Page In the language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr !8/MWR1OE(R)#\rF"/'\X^bV@EAA>sAd`25V1WoP0?>+OoR+k+*R,?s_'USS@;/H7 $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: @L8)T6#rjYrg King Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") came to power in unusual circumstances. /SA false In addition, many English words have started being used by Egyptians in their daily life. dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD >> [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 FC\E1+JL=AUl1-s;@$If=#O6VEeuF`k[KVTU&8iAii"R-/_"LD%VTmIg-R-fdK#k; Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H That's the tagline for "The Chosen," a show from Angel Studios that is unorthodox in many ways. [55], Most Coptic dialects have two phonemic vowels in unstressed position. 'rb\%CTD-!q[CSi6Xg2#CT,`X@\$d[]P!C'[#f'9UbT(&c;LWb<-68We5j+'DgSPIhC>BY2c)\c!TeP,5AH4O(6'_" =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. &;do6kg'q@3Jnc@`/2KT,5bArIt`bQr-u>nOZL)PoB,GBBpmD!QlY.sHe << [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f English is the most widely used language in tourism. q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq Y`9.m>1T8u`i=S(oVgNA. 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d << d+[g_F]H+S4JMlD.\E^^XSVYR4-'==Qd9#FXjAhV+(*mm.rpcWdkV0+s1TW9pHNUJ "went [the] god there"), m ("there") is the adverb. G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg fg@9#h@+t`a_;%%2CRY]hUP1doQf.g'lT#bAT><3?GLG<0ho^+&? Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_